From Bench-to-Bedside: A Review of Clinical Trials in Drug Discovery and Development

Excerpt

arXiv:2412.09378v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Clinical trials bridge basic research and clinical application, serving as essential steps in drug development. This review examines clinical trial phases (Phase I [safety assessment], Phase II [efficacy evaluation], Phase III [large-scale validation], and Phase IV [post-marketing surveillance]), highlighting the distinct characteristics and interconnections. Major challenges are identified, including ethical compliance, participant recru