Functionally Equivalent or Not? Graph-Grounded Differential Surrogate Execution for Code Equivalence

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arXiv:2610.04371v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Determining whether two programs are functionally equivalent is central to code modernization, patch validation, refactoring, and code-generation evaluation. Yet the usual signals are incomplete: tests cover only finite inputs, textual similarity confuses implementation with behavior, and unconstrained LLM judgments are difficult to audit. Direct execution is often impossible when a program depends on an obsolete, licensed, unavailable, or unsafe e